Interface

  • Using interfaces, you can specify which methods a class must implement, but you do not need to define the specific content of these methods.
  • Interfaces are defined by the interface keyword, just like defining a standard class, but all methods defined are empty.
  • All methods defined in an interface must be public, which is a feature of the interface.check here
  • To implement an interface, the implements operator must be use. All methods defined in the interface must be implemented in the class, otherwise a fatal error will be reported. Classes can implement multiple interfaces and use commas to separate the names of multiple interfaces.

Abstract class

  • Any class, if at least one of its methods is declared abstract, must be declared abstract.
  • Classes defined as abstract cannot be instantiated.check here
  • A method defined as abstract simply declares its invocation (parameters) and cannot define its specific functional implementation.
  • When inheriting an abstract class, the subclass must define all abstract methods in the parent class; moreover, access control of these methods must be the same as in the parent class.

Static

  • Declaring the class attribute or method with static keyword allows direct access without instantiating the class.
  • Static attributes cannot be accessed through a class of instantiated objects (but static methods can).
  • Because static methods do not need to be invoked through objects, the pseudo-variable $this is not available in static methods.
  • Static attributes cannot be accessed by objects through the – > operator.

Final

PHP 5 adds a final keyword. If the method in the parent class is declared final,check here the subclass cannot override the method. If a class is declared final, it cannot be inherited. For example:

<?phpclass BaseClass {   public function test() {       echo “BaseClass::test() called” . PHP_EOL;   }      final public function moreTesting() {       echo “BaseClass::moreTesting() called”  . PHP_EOL;   }}class ChildClass extends BaseClass {   public function moreTesting() {       echo “ChildClass::moreTesting() called”  . PHP_EOL;   }}//Fatal error: Cannot override final method BaseClass::moreTesting()?>